In light of the complexity and heterogeneity of cultures found throughout the Islamic world, there is a need to question some of the prevailing assumptions about the division of labor in small-scale agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to help clarify the contributions of women to agriculture in an Islamic society, drawing upon survey evidence from the Punjab region of Pakistan. The study focuses on female participation in cropping activities, livestock care, non-agricultural on-farm economic activities, and participation in household decision making. It was found that these women, far from being confined to the domestic sphere, provide labor in a variety of agricultural activities. They also contribute to "family" income and many have input into household decisions.

Keywords: women, agriculture, household division of labor, Islam; Pakistan